Literature On Solid Waste Management In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

writings On Solid counterbalance worry In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay inquiry twain past and feed into unhurt macepace in Nigeria equivalent some growth countries with an absence of qualified warm run out expression remains has been focused much on tolerable appeal and organization options than on the bollocks generators, storage or even an avenue for idle diminution which back ups in reuse and recycling, hence creating major(ip) gaps. These gaps argon atomic number 18as that need to address to master that in that location is a sustainable concern of fast burn out gene prized to prevent purlieual hazards.2.1.1 Purpose of the Literature come offThis chapter review gives an everyplaceview of the situation of cheering thieve trouble in ontogeny countries critic every(prenominal)y examining and summarising studies by diverse researchers in donnish books, professional and academic journals, published and unpublished works and electronic m edia. This books review would aid in identifying countenance methodology to achieve the aim of this research.In addition, stem dissolution a relatively understudied concept has been set and recommended by umpteen researchers as an avenue for forsake reduction. It has also been suggested as providing alternative promoter of practicing comely raving mad way apart from collection and giving medication. (Cointreau-Levine Gopalan, 2000Imam et al, 2008)This acquire into institutional solid dissolution prudence with the aim of identifying dynamics that entrance/affect separation at root at households in the campus volition create a federal agency of addressing gas reduction and proper writ of execution of solid be adrift commission options. According to UNEP (2005), the logical starting operate for the proper management of solid gaga is to reduce the heart and souls of down managed, solely in ceremoniously within the generators land site or formally (external ly) by some otherwise entity once the deplete is discarded by the generator. Thereby reducing fling off quantities lay in or otherwise managed.2.1.2 Literature SearchThe search for literary works place be rattling time consuming and futile if proper strategies atomic number 18 non break uped. To aid in the literature search, the following was inclined(p)Firstly, the topic, boundary (Developing countries Nigeria) and problem statement was agreed on. Then I place of the disciplines with a stake in solid emaciate. They acknowledgeHealth, Science and engineering science snitch Waste steeringEnvironmental UrbanSecondly, Keywords broad and foreshorten were developed. They areMunicipal Solid redundance , Solid pay off focussingInstitutional Solid WasteSeparation at etymon , microbe separationWaste segregation, separationHousehold solid exhaust manag* connection/Incentives in solid fellateMotivating factors, attitudinal behavioursSolid make off management i n NigeriaUniversity of BeninTo this end, the author sought the advice of the WEDC re reference suggest centre manager. She showed me books and journals on solid neutralise (management) exactly told me that most of the journals were available online for latest on either research and my search exit be more extensive apply the internet. She also recommended the use of Loughborough University, search engine Metalib, for searching and interrogation of the various databases for articles and journals on the subject matter (Science direct, CSA illumina)Following her recommendation and my initial economize up, a data interrogation search was d adept utilise Metalib on the following database employ the keywords in a high place, either truncated, with * or adding two keyword together using the OR because the AND was giving irrelevant data .Environmental Sciences and Pollution management Abstracts (CSA Illumina)Aqualine (CSA Illumina)Science DirectFrom this site, the following journa ls were ground with relevant data.Waste ManagementWaste Management and look intoHabitat InternationalEnvironmental ManagementRe starting time, Conservation and RecyclingGoogle Search Engine and Goggle Scholar were searched using the keywords above.The sources of info obtained includeMore Journals articles from the above express journalsSolid scratch off Management Volume 1United Nation Environmental create by mental act (UNEP)J.C Agunwanba(Google scholar) with articles on Waste management in some parts of NigeriaThe land affirm Urban Solid Waste management (community initiatives)WEDC WELL factsheets and studies solid use up managementI chose this approach to ensure an extensive and appropriate search in all areas of solid waste management and Research into develop countries of which Nigeria is apart. My use of the Internet was to ensure that as mevery new-made journals, conferences and researches in Nigeria are available for scrutiny.This systematic review forget initi ally focus on identifying waste characteristics and components, then the fictional characters and employment of the different stakeholders, their views and perspectives towards waste and finally the different concepts of source separation as it is practiced. This would help in analyzing and recognizing the past and present problems and solutions in cities and universities in developing countries specially Nigeria.The digest section would scrutinize the methodologies used in the above reviewed literature and its interlingual rendition for use in this research. Also included are the main findings from the reviewed literature and the gaps in knowledge this research aims to address.2.2 Solid waste management practices in Developing countries.In an attempt to accelerate the pace of its industrial schooling, an scotchally developing nation may fail to pay adequate tutelage to solid waste management. Such a failure incurs a severe penalty later in the form of reusable resources n eedlessly anomic and a staggering adverse shock on the environment and on public health and safety.(UNEP, 2005) This is the problem presently facing most developing countries rapid population growth due to rapid urban development hence more waste to manage. (Singhal Pandey, 2001)2.2.1 Waste Generation and CompositionThe utter goes that if you thunder mug measure it you can manage it this is a viewpoint that is especially important and a solution that most developing countries progress to not been able to accomplish in solid waste management. There is no measure of the waste generated and so management incurs difficult and inefficient.According to( Vaughan , 1971), information on the firearm and quantity of solid waste is indispensable to design, execution of instrument and operation of any solid waste management system of nowadays and helps to forecast the holdments of tomorrow.As stated above most developing countries are plagued with solid waste management problems that are degrading the urban environment and posing a serious threat to the natural resources and consequently place back development (Sujauddin.,M., et al 2008) solving this problem will require knowledge about the per pileus waste generated, composition and also spots towards waste. The authors found that there are many shiftings that affect the composition and the quantities of waste generated this include population growth, the socioeconomic factors (income, education, age, land ownership) which is the reverse for most developed countries.The major constituents of developing countries waste is about 66% organic fertilizer, which is about 30% of the match waste generated showing that converting, would be a very in effect(p) way of waste management (recycling). (ibid)2.2.2 Institutional governanceThe key institutions responsible for solid waste management service of processs include public area, formal offstage firmament, informal private vault of heaven and community ba sed non- regimeal organisations. (ABC, 1988) The proper credit of their roles and responsibilities has been cited as a major influence in a sustainable solid waste management. At present, the public sector is responsible for service delivery of solid waste management in most developing countries and they are finding it difficult due to the rapid explosion in population growth hence more waste to manage. Some major problems that affect the municipalities inadequacy to provide good enough solid waste system include poor planning, lack of experienced staff, inappropriate equipments and technology, skimpy pecuniary resource and landfill sites for inclination.( Coad, 2005 Hossain Siwar 2002). order, transportation and administration fork out been a major problem in delivering efficient solid waste management services. In India cities collection mogul is between 40 -70 % due to poor transport capacity and wanting(predicate) workforce even with the municipalities allocation of 8 5-90% of the total budget to the service (Nema, 2004 Sharholy et al 2008)To rectify this inadequacy and provide better services some sources have recommended institutional changes like privatization transferring of the responsibilities to private sector while the public sector deals with policies and regulations (Hossain Siwar, 2002 Cointreau-Levine et al, 2000 World Bank,2003). The authors have argued that privatization will reduce the burden on judicature, make up the efficiency and effectiveness of municipal solid waste (MSW) services, decreases make ups, source reduction and improve recycling thereby reducing the waste that goes for final judicature and change magnitude the life cycle of disposal sites. They also state that this can besides work with sustainable frameworks supported by viable government policies and regulations.Poor solid waste management creates serious threat to adult male health and well-being especially with indiscriminate blossom forth dumping whic h clogs drains and cloaca creating nurture grounds for rodents and insects leading to disease spread and ground peeing contamination.( Majani,2000Gonzenbach. Coad, 2007 Kumar et al, 2009)To aid in proper solid waste management certain(prenominal) cities have set rules (Bennagen et al ,2002 Sarkhel Banerjee, 2009) to necessitate the mandatory segregation of waste at generators level and also the concordance between collection and disposal facilities to ensure the establishment of topical anesthetic recycling and composting plants.The break down showed that households were ready to record and their meshing would increase if there was going to be regular collection, variable drug user charges and appropriate garbage collection i.e. not collecting two recyclables and other waste in the same vehicle. (Bennagen et al., 2002)Informal SectorThe role of the informal sector (waste pickers, scavengers, sweepers) in solid waste management is identified as been crucial in waste reduct ion though to what mensuration it cannot be effectively determined.(Wilson et al , 2006). virtually of their activities are driven by the need to supplement income and to reduce poverty. They operate at all levels in the solid waste chain from generation to disposal removing the recyclables and trading it. These waste pickers with organisation and support would create jobs for the minority in the society, reduce poverty, hold back municipalities money, improve industrial competitiveness, conserve natural resources and protect the environment. The government in many developing countries Argentina, Brazil, India, Uruguay, Colombia, Mexico have identified the necessities of recognising and identifying this stakeholders especially in waking of attaining Goal 7 of the millennium development goals thereby creating an inclusive, socially desirable, economically viable and environmentally sound solid waste management system. Waste pickers activities are recognised for their role in redu cing the waste to be collected transported and disposed e.g. Jakarta 25% reduction. (Medina, 2008)2.2.3 Attitudes and PreferencesAttitude is termed in this study as the feeling and thoughts while perception is insight and awareness which encourages participation.To ensure the sustainability of any SWM system there has to be a change of government perception to that of recognising the importance of people. The current global challenges of urban solid waste (Ali, 2006(Ed)) states demand a people centred approach, change in public attitude to consumption and increased relationship between the people and the government. With new approaches to waste management to tackle the challenges of the increased waste generated by the population, increased cost of waste management leads to increase user charges. This (ibid) stated will only be sustainable if the government recognises the importance of people in planning, plan and operating any solid waste system.Bisson (2002) stated that since was te is a product of kind behaviour, to maintain a good waste management we need information on the behaviour and attitude of people with run across to waste and accurate data on waste generation come separation and other recycling practices at households is gravidly supported in its role to reduction of waste, municipality costs however in practice might not be successful because of the understanding of funds and the workload involved. (Chung S.S C.S Poon, 1996 Ghorbani et al, 2007). The authors cogitate that economic incentives as well as education about environmental benefits of waste separation by householders would result in active participation of people in separating wastes in the home. Chung S.S C.S Poon (1996) further found that consumption rate might increase if waste is recycled hence education awareness programs. They suggested that the involvement of all household members and not only the housewives, binary not two-fold separation schemes will further increase its success rate.One probably consequence of households paying close attention to their refuse is that people will become more aware of the waste they generate and will become less wasteful thus saving resources and further reducing collection costs. (Kassim, 2006)Various authors (Bennagen., June 2002 Sujauddin.,M., et al 2008) have reported that there is an eagerness for communities to go into in solid waste management schemes, pay for services but the payment should not be unit but as per user and with government support.2.2.4 Source SeparationSource separation according to GDRC (n.d) is the screen background aside of compostable and recyclable materials from the waste stream before they are collected with other MSW, to facilitate reuse, recycling, and composting. During the UN conference in Johannesburg in 2002 reduction of waste through source separation was affirmed as one of the steps, which the local government can implement to maximize environmental sound waste use, recyclin g and diversion of profitable materials from the waste stream.Facing the problems of solid waste management, (Strange, K 2002 UNEP, 2005) argues can be done through plans and programs which encourage source separation and this he stated will help in minimising waste for disposal. Schbeler et al (1996) further added that the introduction of source separation ought to be in a pragmatic and incremental manner beginning with pi diffuse activities to find and encourage the interest and willingness of users to participate.In most developing countries, the practice of source separation is by the informal sector at a very smallish scale. In cities of developing countries, source separation provides a means of employment, reduces the total amount of waste for disposal, and at landfills through the support of presidential term bodies and community based organisation (Lardinios Furedy, 1999 Fehr et al, 2009)Waste separation increases the quality of produced compost and recyclables, and op timizes incineration. It also enables better financing of waste management activities and minimizes the energy and tug inputs to any downstream processes (Murray, 1999).Source-separation pilot programs have been tested in some developing countries but total recovery of recyclables have been hindered due to the big(p) amount of piss contents in the waste and high dowery of food waste food waste (Zhuang et al,2007 Tadesse., 2008),The motivations for materials separation and reuse in developing countries include scarcity or expense of virgin materials the level of absolute poverty income supplement, the frugal values of even relatively golden households and the large markets for used goods and products made from recycled plastics and metals. (UNEP, 2005 Sarkhel Banerjee, 2009 Fehr et al, 2009) Fehr et al (2009) further recommended the introduction of effective instruments within a municipal model that mandate source separation and encourages educational and legal measures for so lid waste management success.(Joseph, 2006 Zhuang et al, 2007 Fehr et al, 2009 agree that any source separation program needs people centred participation, monitor, awareness launching and support.Below are some of the advantages of source separated over co-mingled wasteTable 1 Separate/mixed collectionSeparate CollectionMixed CollectionExtends landfill life. Removes potential recyclables from the waste stream.Lowers net disposal costs. through with(p) by the household. No extra cost for the community.Highly applicable to residential waste.Industrial waste may be recycled through industrial waste exchanges.An effective and reliable tool for recycling.Can be implemented on small-scale, then expanded.Recyclables are usually uncontaminated by garbage and other debrisIt is not time or piazza consuming for the residents.The readiness does not need additional space to handle recyclables.Basic technology is neededThe effectiveness of the collection system does not depend on how people p repare recyclables.There is no need for accomplished secondary winding marketsGuidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Mediterranean locality ( )2.2.5 Solid waste practices in universities of developing countriesHigher institutions have the office of having high moral and ethical obligation to the environment because they are anticipate to produce leaders in environmental defense movement.Armijo de Vega (2008) research acknowledges the good use of campuses as a case study for solid waste management (SWM) options for the following reasonsNot much has not been reported on the topic,They been independent to a great extent, campuses can accommodate pioneering SWM approaches that can stress down to other communities later,Thirdly, since it involves students at various levels it can serve to sensitize as well as easily train them in good SWM practices, andFinally, SWM practices adopted by higher education institutions have a great potential of being adopted by surroun ding communities because these institutions generally are held in high esteem.The efforts towards responsible waste management should stem from these institutions. Besides, appropriate waste management would bring benefits to the institution such as a reduction of the financial resources destined to waste management, but, above all, it would set an use to the students and the community. (Mbuligwe .2002 Maldonado, 2006) Furthermore the authors discovered that the type of waste generated on campus (recyclables and organic) provides a lot of avenue for reuse, recycling and recovery thereby reducing the quantity of waste disposed in landfill by more than 60%.(ibid)2.3 Solid waste management Practices in Nigeria2.3.1 Waste CompositionNigeria is a nation that exemplifies continuing solid waste management problems in conjunction with population growth. It is the most populous country in Africa, with over120 million residents (World Bank 1996), and over the past 50 years, has had the thir d largest urban growth rate in the world at 5.51% annually (UNWUP 1999).In Nigeria though there has been some studies into the determination of waste composition and generation to enhance the cooking of solid waste management services, this studies are outdated (Adedibu 1985) or have been done at the landfills (Mbuligwe., 2002). This does not take into consideration the quantities of waste that are separated by the waste pickers and animals before collection. (Ogwueleka, 2009 Iman et al 2008 ) agree that indistinctive legislative policies and regulation, lack of data on the generated waste, inappropriate technology for collection and disposal, no planned framework and inadequate population characteristics are some of the factors bear upon the knowledge of municipal solid waste composition in Nigeria to develop better disposal methods. Other factors include political, economic and social.The majority of substances compose municipal solid waste include paper, vegetable matter, plas tics, metals, textile, rubber and glass over (Ogwueleka, 2009Imam., 2008). They found that the major component of solid waste is organic waste (40-64%) which is wetter, corrosive with high density (Ogwueleka, 2009)and agree that composting will be an adequate solid waste practice to reduce the waste especially (Iman et al 2008) with the removal of government subsidies for the sale of fertilizers creating a market for it.Controlled landfill (Adedibu, 1985) stated is another(prenominal) SWM option for disposal. This is not recommendable because of the complex technology and funds which the government cannot provide. streamlined recycling and composting could save 18.6% in waste management costs and 57.7% in landfill cost (Agunwamba, 1998).Waste characteristics vary according to season, population, climate, and industrial production, the size of markets for waste materials and the extent of urbanization, effectiveness of recycling, and work reduction. (Ogwueleka, 2009). Other factors affecting increased waste generation among residents in Nigeria cities are change in social economic and educational circumstance.2.3.2 Attitudes and PerceptionsAccording to (Agunwamba, 2003 Iman et al 2008) public awareness, social ideals, beliefs and attitudes to waste can affect all stages in the solid waste management process. This has an impact on household waste storage, waste segregation, recycling, collection frequency, littering and fly-tipping (illegal dumping), willingness to pay for waste management services, and the level and type of opposition to waste sermon and disposal facilities.In Nigeria, the general public attitude towards waste management is poor. . A man may live in a neatly kept house but refuse to cooperate with his fellow residents in holding the surroundings of the building clean. As long as the waste materials are not inside his house, he feels no concern. Government attitude towards solid waste management is the introduction of in appropriate technol ogy without the cite of the people using the services (Agunwamba, 1998). In addition, they consider the informal sector a menace (Ogwueleka, 2009) and try all means to eradicate them.Most Nigerians associated wealth with lavish spending, which generates much waste as a by-product. They cover waste pickers/workers as poor and so make little or no effort to cooperate in waste management activities. Similarly, in homes waste removal to bins classified as childrens work. Since the bins were not designed with, their small stature wastes are dumped on the ground, creating more work for the waste workers and increasing collection time reducing efficiency. (ibid)As for the waste workers, poor profit and stagnation in promotion has created a reduced interest in proper solid waste management. They go about doing their jobs haphazardly. The poor attitude to waste been exhibited can be changed with proper enlightenment programs and patient protraction efforts that are reinforced continuously even after project completion. This will negate ignorance, materialistic tendencies, and apathy and reinforce their responsibility to the environmental. (Agunwamba, 1998)2.3.3 Institutional ArrangementWith knowledge of the illegal dumping of toxic waste in June 1988, (Adegoroye., 1994) the federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) was created. The landmark Federal legislation on environmental protection in Nigeria was the decree Number 58 of 1988, which established the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). The specific role of FEPA with look upon to solid waste management is to (Onibokun, 1999)Study the most reliable systems that are appropriate for local, domestic and industrial wastes. nail waste disposal and treatment methods that take into consideration the geological and environmental setting and encourage recycling.Specify waste disposal sites that guarantee the safety of surface and underground water systems.Set up and enforce standards for adequate sanitary facilities for the disposal of human and other solid wastes in dwellings, housing estates and public facilities in both urban and rural areas.Establish monitoring programmes including periodic surveillance of clear waste disposal sites and their surroundings and waste water systems.Establish monitoring displace for the control of the disposal of leachate from dumpsites into surface water and groundwater systemsUnder this Act, all states and local government set up their own environmental protection body for the protection and improvement of the environment within its jurisdiction. In 1999 (Ogwueleka, 2009), FEPA was taken over by the Federal Ministry of Environment to combat some of the challenges confront which include absence of pollution waste management laws, lack of environmental enforcement, funding, role conflicts power play between FEPA workers and some powerful individuals whose companies not ready to pay for services. It still conformed to all the regulation stated abov e but even with this change of hands, there was still inadequate readying of solid waste services in Nigeria.According to (Imam et al, 2008 Ogwueleka, 2009) solid waste management in Nigeria is characterised by in efficient collection methods, light coverage of the collection system and improper disposal. Lack of institutional accord, insufficient funds absence of standards and by-laws, insufficient information on waste composition and quantity, inflexible work schedule and inappropriate technology transfer are the common constraints faced by environmental agencies in solid waste management.75-95% of the revenue of solid waste is spent on collection and disposal and only 40-70% is collected from the urban areas. Most of the rural areas have no SWM facility.Presently emphasis is been focused on better institutional arrangement through privatization and less on collection and disposal due to the inadequate government service delivery. Privatization is been tested in cities like Abu ja (Imam., 2008), Lagos (Ogwueleka, 2009) and Benin (Ogu., 2000) but have not improved the service delivery due to all the factors above including corruption, lack of planning of route service delivery, affordability and acceptability.Finally, (Ogwueleka, 2009) argued that since in Nigeria there is an abundance of cheap labour the use of a low capital cost and labour intensive solution that reduces poverty will be preferred. It should include low technology like handcarts and pickup trucks for collection, informal sector involvement (waste pickers), training, local waste recycling and reduction projects, transfer stations to reduce operating cost, community participation and involvement.In conclusion Adegoreyo, (1994) stated that stable leadership and firm commitment of government in pliant years to any enforcement programme with set goals, objectives and responsibilities including capacity building should be uttermost to ensure the improvements.2.3.4 Source SeparationStudies into source separation in Nigeria though it is highly relevant according to most researchers are not been preformed. (Onibokun., 1999 Ogu., 2000 Agunwamba, 2003).This has constrained the author to review literature of other developing countries, effectuation methods and success rate of source separation to infer if it will adequate for Nigeria.The scavengers do little or no form of recycling it is more of reuse. (Agunwamba, 2003)Informal PracticesIn Nigeria, gifts of clothes and goods to relatives, charities, and servants as a means of source separation are significant in waste reduction. However, the greatest amount of materials recovery is achieved through the following(a) Itinerant waste buyers (IWBs) These are waste collectors who often go from door-to-door, collecting specific recyclable materials and/or organic wastes from households, which they buy or barter. Individual IWBs tend to specialize in one or two kinds of materials.(b) Street waste picking Secondary sensible materials recovered from mixed waste found on streets or extracted from common bins before collection.(c) Municipal waste collection crew Secondary new materials recovered from vehicles transporting waste to disposal sites.(d) Waste picking from dumps Waste pickers/ scavengers sort through waste before it is covered at the site of final disposal, which is still generally open dumping in Nigeria. (Wilson et al, 2009)From the point of view of waste reduction, the traditional practices of repair and reuse, and the sale, barter, or gift-giving of used goods and surplusage materials are an advantage to the poorer countries. Quantities of inorganic post-consumer wastes entering the MSW stream would be higher if these forms of waste reduction did not exist.(UNEP,2005)Formal Practices.There is no formal practice in place for source separation at present although Federal Ministry of Environment (2000) specified in the Blue print for municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Nigeria that separation at source is one of the viable alternatives/complement to an integrated solid waste management programme.2.3.5 Solid waste practices in universities in Nigeria2.4 Solid waste practices in University of Benin, Benin-CitySolid waste management in the university is the collection and disposal of waste. The waste generated is placed in bins for collection. There is no informal sector to do any separation though some of the waste workers salvage the useful recyclables for reuse but this does not even account for up to 1% of the total amount generated. Most times the waste generated is so much that not all the waste is removed during collection so disintegration begins on the left over waste, which will cause bad odours and breeding grounds for rodents and disease carrying insects. Some leachates are also produced which might clog up the land and water around. The final disposal site for the waste is an open dump that allows further pollution because there is no control over waste depos ited or the by-products of open dump disposal. Without adequate attention, there is a major risk to the health of the staff and students in the university and to the environment.3. Summary of Literature Review3.1 MethodologiesMost of the researches into waste characterization were studied using denary and qualitative methods (questionnaires, interviews, observation, focus groups and fieldwork) this is to ensure the viability of the studies and close the loop (Chung S.S Poon C.S.,1996 Ghorbani M. et al , 2007Imam., 2008). For sampling, ergodic sampling was employed since some information about the sample space is known